Analysis of millions of galaxies upholds Albert Einstein’s ideas about gravity and also offers tantalising new hints of how dark energy may have evolved
By Karmela Padavic-Callaghan
20 November 2024
The DESI instrument observing the sky from the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope during a meteor shower
KPNO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/R. Sparks
Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity has been proven right on the largest scale yet. An analysis of millions of galaxies shows that the way they have evolved and clustered over billions of years is consistent with his predictions.
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We live in a cosmic void so empty that it breaks the laws of cosmology
Ever since Einstein put forward his theory of gravity more than a century ago, researchers have been trying to find scenarios where it doesn’t hold up. But there had not been such a test at the level of the largest distances in the universe until now, says Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki at the University of Texas at Dallas. He and his colleagues used data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona to conduct one.
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Details of cosmic structure and how it has changed over time are a potent test of how well we understand gravity because it was this force that shaped galaxies as they evolved out of the small variations in the distribution of matter in the early universe.
DESI has so far collected data on how nearly 6 million galaxies clustered over the course of the past 11 billion years. Ishak-Boushaki and his colleagues combined this with results from several other large surveys, such as those mapping the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae. Then, they compared this with predictions from a theory of gravity that encompassed both Einstein’s ideas and more contemporary competing theories of modified gravity. They found no deviation from Einstein’s gravity. Ishak-Boushaki says that even though there are some uncertainties in the measurements, there is still no strong evidence that any theory that deviates from Einstein’s would capture the state of the universe more accurately.
Itamar Allali at Brown University in Rhode Island says that while general relativity has been shown to hold in extremely precise tests conducted in laboratories, it is important to be able to test it at all scales, including across the entire cosmos. This helps eliminate the possibility that Einstein made correct predictions for objects of one size but not another, he says.